Hi Karel,
Hope you're doing well.
It seems that some corruption was detected in the component store. This can often be resolved by running the RestoreHealth command with a healthy source, such as the original Windows ISO. You can follow the steps below:
Open Command Prompt as Administrator
Run the following command:
DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth /Source:<path_to_wim_or_esd_file> /LimitAccess
Hope this helps and let me know how it goes!