Domain trust issue on Windows Server 2019 host

I have a VM in my lab running Windows Server 2019 Datacenter (10.0.17763.6293), that is having some kind of domain trust issue for quite some time.

To illustrate:

PS C:\Users\Administrator> test-computersecurechannel
test-computersecurechannel : Cannot get domain information about the local computer because of the following exception: Not found .
At line:1 char:1
+ test-computersecurechannel
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    + CategoryInfo          : OperationStopped: ([HOSTNAME]:String) [Test-ComputerSecureChannel], InvalidOperationException
    + FullyQualifiedErrorId : FailToGetDomainInformation,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.TestComputerSecureChannelCommand
PS C:\Users\Administrator> test-computersecurechannel -repair
test-computersecurechannel : Cannot get domain information about the local computer because of the following exception: Not found .
At line:1 char:1
+ test-computersecurechannel -repair
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    + CategoryInfo          : OperationStopped: ([HOSTNAME]:String) [Test-ComputerSecureChannel], InvalidOperationException
    + FullyQualifiedErrorId : FailToGetDomainInformation,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.TestComputerSecureChannelCommand

I've tried rejoining the VM to my domain multiple times (even cleared the computer object from the lone DC in lab), to no avail.

I have no clue what this error message actually means; what does "Not found ." mean?

The weirdest part is that, in some aspects, the domain connection is actually working (e.g. I can authenticate as a Domain Admin to this VM); however, other applications seem to have trouble with domain-related tasks, just like the cmdlet above.

What am I missing?