when does the clock discipline change the rate vs directly changing the time

No idea if I selected the right tag

I see on this page: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/how-the-windows-time-service-works

that "The clock discipline subcomponent adjusts the time of the system clock to the most accurate time by either adjusting the clock rate or directly changing the time."

I am wondering how it decides which of the two options to choose? changing the rate or directly changing the time

thanks